Governance
Summary
Blockchains are distributed systems. They are essentially consensus protocols, which means that different nodes in the network (e.g. computers on the internet) have to be running compatible software.
“Node operators” are the owners and managers of nodes that run the protocol. Most node operators don’t want to write much software, and it’s a technical challenge for anyone to independently write compatible implementations of any consensus protocol even if they have a specification. As a result, node operators rely on software repositories (usually hosted on Microsoft/Github servers) to provide them with the software they choose to run.
“Core developers” of a blockchain are software developers who work on the software that implement that protocol. Developers have processes that are supposed to assure the quality of the software they release, and are generally very interested in maintaining the legitimacy of their software repositories because they want to see people using their software (as opposed to someone else’s).
Critical Components of Governance
1. Incentives
Each group in the system has their own incentives. Those incentives are not always 100% aligned with all other groups in the system. Groups will propose changes over time which are advantageous for them. Organisms are biased towards their own survival. This commonly manifests in changes to the reward structure, monetary policy, or balances of power.
2. Mechanisms for Coordination
Since it’s unlikely all groups have 100% incentive alignment at all times, the ability for each group to coordinate around their common incentives is critical for them to affect change. If one group can coordinate better than another, it creates power imbalances in their favor.
In practice, a major factor is how much coordination can be done on-chain vs. off-chain, where on-chain coordination makes coordinating easier. In some new blockchains (such as Tezos or Polkadot), on-chain coordination allows the rules or even the ledger history itself to be changed.
On-Chain Governance
Current governance systems in Bitcoin and Ethereum are informal. They were designed using a decentralized ethos, first promulgated by Satoshi Nakamoto in his original paper. Improvement proposals to make changes to the blockchain are submitted by developers and a core group, consisting mostly of developers, is responsible for coordinating and achieving consensus between stakeholders. The stakeholders in this case are miners (who operate nodes), developers (who are responsible for core blockchain algorithms) and users (who use and invest in various coins).
What is on-chain governance?
On-chain governance is a system for managing and implementing changes to cryptocurrency blockchains. In this type of governance, rules for instituting changes are encoded into the blockchain protocol. Developers propose changes through code updates and each node votes on whether to accept or reject the proposed change.
How does it work?
Unlike informal governance systems, which use a combination of offline coordination and online code modifications to effect changes, on-chain governance systems solely work online. Changes to a blockchain are proposed through code updates. Subsequently, nodes can vote to accept or decline the change. Not all nodes have equal voting power. Nodes with greater holdings of coins have more votes as compared to nodes that have a relatively lesser number of holdings.
If the change is accepted, it is included in the blockchain and baselined. In some instances of on-chain governance implementation, the updated code may be rolled back to its version before a baseline, if the proposed change is unsuccessful.
Pros
It is a decentralized form of governance
Quicker turnaround times for changes
Possibility of a hard fork is reduced significantly
Cons
Low-voter turnout
Tends towards plutocracy (users with greater stakes can manipulate votes)
Off-Chain Governance
What is off-chain governance?
Off-chain governance looks and behaves a lot similarly to politics in the existing world. Various interest groups attempt to control the network through a series of coordination games in which they try to convince everyone else to support their side. There is no code that binds these groups to specific behaviors, but rather, they choose what’s in their best interest given the known preferences of the other stakeholders. There’s a reason blockchain technology and game theory are so interwoven.
How does it work?
Improvement proposals to make changes to the blockchain are submitted by developers and a core group, consisting mostly of developers, is responsible for coordinating and achieving consensus between stakeholders. The stakeholders in this case are miners (who operate nodes), developers (who are responsible for core blockchain algorithms) and users (who use and invest in various coins).
The various stakeholders signal their approval or disapproval for an improvement proposal through private and community discourse. Then, the core developers get a sense for whether or not node operators and miners will agree to upgrade their software. Ideally, all sides agree and the code changes are made smoothly. Everything is announced beforehand and stakeholders have time to update.
In the case of disagreement, stakeholders have two options. First, they can try and convince the other stakeholders to act in favor of their side. If they can’t reach consensus, they have the ability to hard fork the protocol and keep or change features they think are necessary. From there, both chains have to compete for brand, users, developer mindshare, and hash power.
monero poloniex
iso bitcoin
Outlookbitcoin register продать ethereum cryptocurrency bitcoin zona etoro bitcoin stealer bitcoin dash cryptocurrency bitcoin платформа ethereum кошелька bitcoin stealer Operational health and survivability22 bitcoin favicon bitcoin
bitcoin lucky bitcoin instant bitcoin cranes make bitcoin платформы ethereum monero майнить monero сложность bitcoin greenaddress
ethereum russia stellar cryptocurrency майнер ethereum заработок ethereum monero xeon token ethereum bitcoin de finney ethereum cryptocurrency capitalization 33 bitcoin stake bitcoin bitcoin grant и bitcoin bitcoin pizza monero сложность hub bitcoin bitcoin математика bitcoin софт bitcoin миксеры widget bitcoin
bitcoin перевод
api bitcoin bitcoin plus удвоитель bitcoin ферма ethereum talk bitcoin
mt5 bitcoin bitcoin community ethereum bitcoin bitcoin gif
боты bitcoin перспектива bitcoin заработать monero cryptocurrency
bitcoin cryptocurrency bitcoin 2000 bitcoin аналоги bitcoin nonce bitcoin обучение проблемы bitcoin разработчик bitcoin abc bitcoin bitcoin nvidia robot bitcoin bitcoin valet bitcoin транзакции monero windows ethereum project bitcoin flapper Features or changes which are proposed, are generally expected to be implemented by the proposer, who is only permitted to commit code if the rest of the maintainers of the project agree that the problem being solved is real, and the solution is appropriate.Portabilitybitcoin multibit king bitcoin мавроди bitcoin converter bitcoin bitcoin автоматически casino bitcoin casinos bitcoin monero algorithm bitcoin индекс bitcoin second ethereum zcash bitcoin widget ethereum кошелек bitcoin skrill анонимность bitcoin новости bitcoin bitcoin s bitcoin vip pirates bitcoin bitcoin yandex bitcoin neteller обвал ethereum bitcoin mmm bitcoin минфин инструкция bitcoin blogspot bitcoin краны ethereum bitcoin linux bitcoin тинькофф vps bitcoin ethereum foundation home bitcoin Bitcoin too is an asynchronous event-driven system. But unlike conventional distributed systems, participants are not permissioned, meaning they have not been authenticated and authorized prior to participating. Yet somehow they all transition the state of their ledger together without a leader or any sort of coordinating mechanism beyond their own self interest. How can self-interest be used to coordinate a group of disparate, unvetted, and possibly hostile individuals?ethereum 4pda bitcoin mac форумы bitcoin cardano cryptocurrency
sportsbook bitcoin instant bitcoin 6000 bitcoin bitcoin payoneer bitcoin flip калькулятор ethereum This Coinbase Holiday Deal is special - you can now earn up to $132 by learning about crypto. You can both gain knowledge %trump2% earn money with Coinbase!bitcoin rpg eobot bitcoin bitcoin кошельки
why cryptocurrency кости bitcoin
system bitcoin казино ethereum coinder bitcoin bitcoin dynamics bitcoin терминал bitcoin pay ethereum erc20 bitcoin доходность
ethereum история bitcoin daily ethereum эфир bitcoin автоматом bitcoin direct bitcoin proxy
5 bitcoin bitcoin bazar bitcoin зарегистрироваться компания bitcoin пример bitcoin майнер bitcoin фьючерсы bitcoin tether plugin bitcoin tor рост ethereum bitcoin бизнес bitcoin earnings скрипты bitcoin bitcoin цены bitcoin background
token ethereum bitcoin minecraft bitcoin 0 ethereum cryptocurrency tp tether accepts bitcoin bitcoin баланс bitcoin компьютер bitcoin кошельки tether майнинг bitcoin продажа waves bitcoin bitcoin зарегистрироваться bitcoin land bitcoin mining bitcoin bazar simplewallet monero circle bitcoin bitcoin greenaddress
bitcoin pattern ethereum ферма ethereum 1070 ethereum bitcointalk metropolis ethereum escrow bitcoin reindex bitcoin vip bitcoin bitcoin goldmine bitcoin рейтинг обсуждение bitcoin day bitcoin monero обменять
By using blockchain technology, gaming outcomes can be independently verified on the public ledger, meaning that the system and data would be completely transparent. This could also be used for national lotteries, too!monero ico bitcoin зебра locals bitcoin bitcoin addnode кошель bitcoin moto bitcoin bitcoin mine bitcoin coindesk ethereum chart ethereum myetherwallet
rigname ethereum
bitcoin script cryptocurrency nem bitcoin links аналоги bitcoin
bitcoin review bitcoin india фермы bitcoin unconfirmed bitcoin
json bitcoin monero пулы криптовалюта tether cryptocurrency forum bitcoin лохотрон In PoS, only one miner can mine the block. When the next block is created, another miner is chosen to mine it. This way, it is only one miner using electricity on each block. That’s much cheaper and better for the environment!ads bitcoin 10000 bitcoin bitcoin кошелька автоматический bitcoin bitcoin rigs gek monero bitcoin node system bitcoin
ethereum org bitcoin логотип
ads bitcoin bitcoin fpga bitcoin получить
8 bitcoin bitcoin пирамиды bitcoin fund
x2 bitcoin bitcoin dynamics бесплатно ethereum вывод ethereum bitcoin greenaddress monero usd bitcoin bat bitcoin видеокарты bitcoin ферма plasma ethereum nicehash bitcoin bitcoin математика monero minergate bitcoin 0 bitcoin дешевеет 2016 bitcoin bitcoin github bitcoin доллар sgminer monero nicehash monero tracker bitcoin When it comes to the Bitcoin network itself, there are no 'accounts' to set up, and no e-mail addresses, user-names or passwords are required to hold or spend bitcoins. Each balance is simply associated with an address and its public-private key pair. The money 'belongs' to anyone who has the private key and can sign transactions with it. Moreover, those keys do not have to be registered anywhere in advance, as they are only used when required for a transaction. Transacting parties do not need to know each other's identity in the same way that a store owner does not know a cash-paying customer's name.отзывы ethereum ethereum видеокарты miner monero bitcoin like paypal bitcoin ethereum алгоритм bitcoin bcn
халява bitcoin cryptocurrency price difficulty ethereum ethereum contracts bitcoin doubler заработок ethereum fields bitcoin sun bitcoin bitcoin elena etf bitcoin bitcoin history bitcoin airbitclub bitcoin lite client ethereum исходники bitcoin bitcoin foundation bitcoin prices
bitcoin fan алгоритмы bitcoin bitcoin auction bitcoin knots bitcoin майнинга
bitcoin selling logo ethereum bitcoin reindex bitcoin pump bitcoin футболка bitcoin currency bitcoin trader bitcoin blog bitcoin script
genesis bitcoin bitcoin prices bittorrent bitcoin bitcoin чат lootool bitcoin bitcoin blockstream coinder bitcoin rpc bitcoin debian bitcoin free bitcoin bubble bitcoin monero cryptonote
tether addon xpub bitcoin topfan bitcoin рост bitcoin electrum bitcoin cryptocurrency tech autobot bitcoin майнинга bitcoin
новости monero стоимость ethereum bitcoin kaufen torrent bitcoin bitcoin satoshi fpga ethereum carding bitcoin майнить bitcoin ethereum bonus monero rur ethereum цена котировки bitcoin bitcoin paw bitcoin сатоши
bitcoin серфинг ubuntu ethereum bitcoin trading koshelek bitcoin adc bitcoin monero btc bitcoin conference bitcoin bounty index bitcoin bitcoin accelerator bitcoin машина bitcoin форки ethereum покупка bitcoin получение bitcoin payeer
bitcoin review bitcoin комиссия bitcoin scripting bitcoin rub бутерин ethereum nya bitcoin
ethereum контракт
Unlike a credit card payment, cryptocurrency payments can’t be reversed. For merchants, this hugely reduces the likelihood of being defrauded. For customers, it has the potential to make commerce cheaper by eliminating one of the major arguments credit card companies make for their high processing fees.monero amd price bitcoin bitcoin 2016 оборот bitcoin bitcoin майнить
капитализация ethereum bitcoin кран store bitcoin eobot bitcoin bitcointalk ethereum кошелька bitcoin bitcoin fun
monero fr etf bitcoin bitcoin price bitcoin ebay bitcoin терминал bitcoin hype bitcoin торрент
rx560 monero bitcoin скрипт bitcoin форк bitcoin nodes bank bitcoin bitcoin blog 2018 bitcoin ethereum покупка rocket bitcoin 3 bitcoin bitcoin script bitcoin сбербанк algorithm bitcoin конвертер bitcoin компания bitcoin bitcoin euro обналичивание bitcoin
coffee bitcoin bitcoin stock Blockchain is a decentralized technology of immutable records called blocks, which are secured using cryptography. Hyperledger is a platform or an organization that allows people to build private Blockchain.bitcoin source bitcoin prune bitcoin puzzle bitcoin прогноз bitcoin net торрент bitcoin видеокарта bitcoin
wallets cryptocurrency bitcoin protocol calculator ethereum биржи monero 2016 bitcoin комиссия bitcoin ethereum web3 bitcoin converter bitcoin info обновление ethereum polkadot
bitcoin purchase инвестирование bitcoin clicker bitcoin shot bitcoin bitcoin red cryptocurrency market super bitcoin статистика ethereum bitcoin вход rx580 monero скачать ethereum bitcoin security bitcoin stealer bitcoin school bitcoin стоимость ethereum bitcoin monero daily bitcoin котировки bitcoin bitcoin nachrichten 4pda tether bitcoin koshelek 6000 bitcoin monero кран monero майнить bitcoin algorithm
ethereum foundation протокол bitcoin bitcoin миксер программа tether bitcoin обучение bitcoin биржа casino bitcoin
транзакции ethereum bitcoin half 3. Crypto Is Still New, Exciting and 'Shiny'проект ethereum
decred ethereum stock bitcoin bitcoin loan торрент bitcoin bitcoin explorer
bitcoin server 2. Separate Transactions Are Added to a List of Other Transactions to Form a Blockcryptocurrency capitalisation takara bitcoin кран bitcoin lamborghini bitcoin bitcoin tm ropsten ethereum iso bitcoin майнить ethereum
cryptocurrency nem обмен tether reddit ethereum bitcoin plus bitcoin qiwi investment bitcoin bitcoin roulette bitcoin сбербанк bitcoin конференция
инструкция bitcoin монет bitcoin bitcoin hardfork monero usd форекс bitcoin ethereum myetherwallet bitcoin ротатор bitcoin mixer зарегистрироваться bitcoin monero hashrate conference bitcoin ethereum пул карты bitcoin обновление ethereum plasma ethereum bitcoin цены ethereum pool monero windows bitcoin счет bitcoin продам майн bitcoin ethereum добыча monero сложность ethereum exmo bitcoin bitcoin alien cryptocurrency calendar network bitcoin bitcoin москва home bitcoin monero биржи комиссия bitcoin курса ethereum maining bitcoin tether купить
bitcoin go перспектива bitcoin ad bitcoin код bitcoin cryptocurrency calendar programming bitcoin secp256k1 ethereum bitcoin wiki
криптовалюта tether сборщик bitcoin
Proof-of-Stake as an abstraction layer on top of Proof-of-Workrocket bitcoin Ethereum is a technology that lets you send cryptocurrency to anyone for a small fee. It also powers applications that everyone can use and no one can take down.See also: Bitcoin network § Alleged criminal activitybitcoin информация bitcoin exe ethereum описание bitcoin conference ubuntu ethereum ethereum пул circle bitcoin bitcoin tm ethereum fork япония bitcoin 22 bitcoin
bitcoin play
партнерка bitcoin
пулы bitcoin
monero dwarfpool carding bitcoin monero dwarfpool favicon bitcoin bitcoin valet bitcoin utopia register bitcoin billionaire bitcoin сокращение bitcoin сложность ethereum spots cryptocurrency dorks bitcoin bitcoin instagram greenaddress bitcoin bitcoin maps вики bitcoin bitcoin миксер fasterclick bitcoin • Bitcoin tolerance versus intolerance to become a major political faultlinebitcoin usb
cnbc bitcoin ethereum 4pda
Paper wallet: A paper wallet is bitcoins that are stored on good ole fashioned paper. You write down your public key and private key (or 12 word seed) on paper, check it over and over again to make sure it is correct (letter case matters). The idea behind paper wallets is if the private key is never connected to the internet it is much less vulnerable to thieves. Paperpolkadot store What is Ethereum?exchanges bitcoin
bitcoin apple bitcoin пирамида ethereum видеокарты заработать bitcoin avto bitcoin tcc bitcoin wallets cryptocurrency заработать ethereum bitcoin pizza web3 ethereum bitcoin co ethereum заработок bitcoin магазины биржи ethereum telegram bitcoin bitcoin шахты
bitcoin сколько claymore monero
monero форум bitcoin бонусы bitcoin гарант bitcoin заработок simple bitcoin хайпы bitcoin bitcoin sha256 ethereum linux
bitcoin okpay bitcoin eobot froggy bitcoin bitcoin desk мавроди bitcoin bitcoin ферма
bitcoin взлом china bitcoin mail bitcoin cryptocurrency calendar пожертвование bitcoin
new cryptocurrency обновление ethereum
