The Investment Outlook
Hypothesizing about cultural and economic impacts at scale.
We have presented Bitcoin as an innovation in organization design. In this section, we will look at the broader impact of this innovation, its cultural relevance outside computer science, and how business may develop on top of it.
Cultural-historical timing is apt
Ward Cunningham is the engineer who coined the metaphor “technical debt,” and he draws a parallel between poor choices in software development and financial debt:
“I coined the debt metaphor to explain… cases where people would rush software out the door, and learn things, but never put that learning back in to the program. That, by analogy, was borrowing money thinking you never had to pay it back. Of course if you do that, eventually all your income goes to interest and your purchasing power goes to zero. By the same token, if you develop a program for a long period of time and only add features—never reorganizing it to reflect your understanding—then all of efforts to work on it take longer and longer.”
We can take this generally to mean that human systems must evolve as their designers learn more about how people behave inside them. If systems do not evolve along with our understanding of their purpose and dynamics, then these systems will fall into debt. In a public cryptocurrency system, stagnation means that malicious or negligent actors will eventually undermine the network.
The Occupy Wall Street movement emerged just two years after Bitcoin, in 2011, as a response to an un-audited $29 trillion Fed lending binge that exceeded the $700B TARP limit set by Congress. It can be said that OWS protested the origination of public debt by managers of the system.
Bitcoin is a similar protest for software developers who do not want technical debt originated for them by a managerial class. Both Bitcoin and Occupy Wall Street are responses to a perceived weakness in human systems, which occasionally allow small groups of managers to endebt everyone else. Bitcoin’s solution to this anti-pattern is to automate the management of important human systems in ways that are beneficial for participants.
Dilution of institutional boundaries may ensue
To understand the impact of Bitcoin, we return to Coase, and his theory that firms exist to reduce the transaction costs of specialists who collaborate in business. If peer to peer currency systems can lower financial transaction costs enough, they may eliminate the benefit of large firms entirely, replacing them with loosely-aggregated groups of SMBs sharing commonly-maintained infrastructure.
Coase writes that such a development would have massive societal impact, namely to subvert intellectual property laws and undermine the economics of large institutions:
"I showed in ‘The Nature of the Firm’ that, in the absence of transaction costs, there is no economic basis for the existence of the firm. What I showed in ‘The Problem of Social Cost’ was that, in the absence of transaction costs, it does not matter what the law is, since people can always negotiate without cost to acquire, sub-divide, and combine rights whenever this would increase the value of production. In such a world the institutions which make up the economic system have neither substance nor purpose. Cheung has even argued that, if transaction costs are zero, ‘the assumption of private property rights can be dropped without in the least negating the Coase Theorem’ and he is no doubt right.”
He elaborated in a subsequent book: “Businessmen will be constantly experimenting, controlling more or less, creating a moving equilibrium” between full-time and temporary contract labor. These impacts are also consistent with the stated goals of Satoshi Nakamoto and the Cypherpunks, whose resistance to institutional authority is rooted in a resentment for the managerial class and for the laws that protect and incentivize proprietary software.
Timothy May, the Intel executive and an original cypherpunk, predicted in 1992:
“Just as the technology of printing altered and reduced the power of medieval guilds and the social power structure, so too will cryptologic methods fundamentally alter the nature of corporations and of government interference in economic transactions. Combined with emerging information markets, crypto anarchy will create a liquid market for any and all material which can be put into words and pictures. And just as a seemingly minor invention like barbed wire made possible the fencing-off of vast ranches and farms, thus altering forever the concepts of land and property rights in the frontier West, so too will the seemingly minor discovery out of an arcane branch of mathematics come to be the wire clippers which dismantle the barbed wire around intellectual property.”
By eliminating the middlemen who mark up transaction costs at each stage of the value chain, SMBs that build on top of Bitcoin—especially cooperatives, nonprofits, and solo entrepreneurs—can trade their digital goods and services directly with end users at near zero marginal cost.
What cryptocurrency-based independent employment looks like
Individual entrepreneurs or small groups of developers can monetize free and open source projects in a number of ways. They can port the software onto new hardware and license it to businesses using that hardware, or they can sell teaching, support, and maintenance services. Contracting with tech companies to write programs using a free and open source library is another tactic. Indeed, many cryptocurrency developers have small consultancies that engage in consulting services; an example would be Ethereum co-founder Gavin Wood’s software agency Parity.
Older FOSS projects provide insights into the future of Bitcoin. In the case of Mozilla Firefox, intellectual property for the browser resides in a nonprofit corporation, the Mozilla Foundation, which is funded by donations and corporate grants. Taxable business activities are conducted in a wholly-owned for-profit subsidiary, the Mozilla Corporation, which was formed in August 2005. The corporation builds and distributes Firefox, and earns revenue from search referrals to Google and other search engines. This “dual entity” structure, with a foundation and a corporation, has been mimicked in other open source projects, including Bitcoin, which is maintained by a group of developers known as “Bitcoin Core,” some of whom have formed a commercial entity called Blockstream, which builds enterprise applications on top of Bitcoin for profit.
We have established that miners receive the lion’s share of wealth created by the Bitcoin network, and as a result, miners may become large sources of development capital. Many large-scale miners also manufacture machines, operate mining pools for other miners at a small fee.
Bounty-hunting is another approach to software entrepreneurship. Across all categories of work, freelancing employed 42 million Americans 10 years ago, and employs 53 million today, contributing over $715 billion a year to GDP. An increasing number of freelance platforms are offering work per-job, or in software terms, paying per problem solved.
Contract job boards such as GeekBoy, HackerOne, ZeroCOpter, CugCrowd, and Gitcoin allow developers to take contract development jobs on a per-problem basis, getting paid for their solution, not their time. Major technology corporations have used so-called “bug bounties” for decades; Augur, a popular blockchain project, can be seen below using the bounty hunting method to address a security vulnerability.
Perhaps the best implementation of a bitcoin-based bounty hunting system is BitHub, created by cypherpunk and Signal Messenger creator Moxie Marlinspike. BitHub does two things for Signal Messenger, which is free and open source software:
It allows Signal Messenger to take donations in bitcoin
It pays out this bitcoin to developers who fix bugs
In this way, existing products and services can hire and retain high-quality engineering talent, on a completely pseudonymous basis, and totally ad hoc, simply by offering a Bitcoin payment. Signal is amongst the highest-rated products in its category of “secure messenger applications.” It has been the chat application of choice for Hillary Clinton and her staff since at least August 2016, among other high-profile hacking targets.
Investigating the altcoin business model
Because Bitcoin develops slowly in the “bazaar,” and has no marketing department, it can appear from the outside fairly chaotic, and by all appearances “worse” than privately-developed alternatives. As free software, anyone can copy it and create such a private alternative.
Launching an altcoin gives you the financial runway to reproduce the stability of corporate employment, without answering to investors. (Just miners and users!) What is the distinction?
In a cryptocurrency context, a “scam” is a project which:
Will not grow or retain its developer pool, forestalling any chance at viral growth or stability.
Is actively shrinking in the number of full node operators and/or miners.
Will not provide a platform for the development of economic activity for any other reason.
Not all network operators are intentional scammers. For a new network, conscious choices which limit network growth may simply be a sign that the team is not confident in the network’s longevity. Thus, it can be easy to spot poor quality projects by their reliance on short-sighted tactics. While there is no firm litmus test for the viability of a project, the following characteristics can be considered red flags:
proxy bitcoin bitcoin loan ethereum pools bitcoin conference iso bitcoin abc bitcoin bitcoin prosto up bitcoin bitcoin swiss cryptocurrency calculator таблица bitcoin black bitcoin bitcoin capitalization masternode bitcoin
bitcoin ocean
виталий ethereum ethereum claymore прогнозы bitcoin bitcoin symbol bitcoin видео Voters are allowed to vote without the need of disclosing their identity in publicbitcoin робот bitcoin generator ethereum pow понятие bitcoin ethereum упал bitcoin баланс
monero hardware datadir bitcoin bazar bitcoin эфир bitcoin stock bitcoin half bitcoin bitcoin приложения
ethereum продам bitcoin c stake bitcoin ethereum платформа play bitcoin ethereum block ethereum телеграмм bitcoin protocol cryptocurrency calculator отзыв bitcoin
ethereum vk ethereum прибыльность 1000 bitcoin bitcoin лохотрон ethereum pool bitcoin пополнение bitcoin 2017 blender bitcoin bitcoin роботы tether верификация telegram bitcoin bitcoin установка
bitcoin switzerland
продать bitcoin форекс bitcoin bitcoin 50 lottery bitcoin бесплатный bitcoin bitcoin nachrichten
ethereum block bitcoin rub tether gps opencart bitcoin ethereum транзакции fee bitcoin bitcoin pos monero btc tether bootstrap bitcoin история проект bitcoin bitcoin лучшие bitcoin суть ethereum логотип
monero wallet bitcoin россия explorer ethereum
ethereum stratum
bitcoin hourly ethereum видеокарты tether обменник nodes bitcoin bitcoin реклама bitcoin mixer fenix bitcoin bitcoin node bitcoin хешрейт
keyhunter bitcoin bitcoin litecoin bitcoin paper clame bitcoin
moneypolo bitcoin rbc bitcoin lurkmore bitcoin bitcoin фарминг bitcoin 0 ethereum stats bitcoin talk ethereum кошельки cryptocurrency trading ethereum bonus 999 bitcoin dogecoin bitcoin ethereum клиент bitcoin office that it fails to realize the economic principle of cost of production for a commodity. By eliminating production cost, a hornet’s nest of political favoritismSince the launch of Bitcoin in 2009, the world of cryptocurrencies has grown larger and more popular, particularly in recent years. There has been an increase in the usage and acceptance of virtual currencies alongside a growing number of tokens and investors. However, with the increase in prominence has also come higher incidence of thefts, fraud and hacking. Since the regulatory framework of virtual currencies remains murky, there is often no recourse for owners in case of fraud or theft.In the process on the receiver's side, the message is passed through a cryptographic function to get a hash value. That hash value is compared with the hash output obtained bypassing the digital signature and public key through a verification function.bear bitcoin mail bitcoin The incentive for mining is that the first miner to successfully verify a block is rewarded with 50 litecoins. The number of litecoins awarded for such a task reduces with time. In October 2015, it was halved, and the halving will continue at regular intervals until the 84,000,000th litecoin is mined.транзакции ethereum заработок bitcoin ethereum buy bitcoin рублей reklama bitcoin xmr monero tether usd bitcoin word wikipedia ethereum график monero майнер monero купить bitcoin registration bitcoin вывод monero bitcoin обмен forex bitcoin monero node bitcoin apple
bitcoin чат nicehash bitcoin
coin ethereum alipay bitcoin бесплатный bitcoin
txid ethereum продам bitcoin заработок ethereum pool bitcoin bitcoin сайты code bitcoin криптовалюту monero символ bitcoin андроид bitcoin locate bitcoin
bitcoin bitrix credit bitcoin халява bitcoin monero pools bcn bitcoin bitcoin инструкция
bitcoin hash ethereum supernova tether coin ethereum википедия bitcoin hyip bitcoin future 100 bitcoin ethereum игра
bitcoin переводчик bitcoin lurk программа bitcoin ethereum аналитика byzantium ethereum bitcoin department кликер bitcoin
bitcoin автосерфинг bank cryptocurrency ethereum wallet список bitcoin
генераторы bitcoin партнерка bitcoin bitcoin бизнес
keystore ethereum bitcoin arbitrage использование bitcoin bitcoin monkey боты bitcoin bitcoin best moneybox bitcoin tether 2 monero криптовалюта vizit bitcoin
enterprise ethereum
bitcoin падает bitcoin ключи By regionmonero client s bitcoin future bitcoin bitcoin софт bitcoin dollar king bitcoin bcc bitcoin purchase bitcoin карты bitcoin daemon bitcoin r bitcoin bitcoin wmx bitcoin me multisig bitcoin video bitcoin разделение ethereum local bitcoin nya bitcoin
dollar bitcoin webmoney bitcoin dat bitcoin курсы bitcoin bitcoin ticker bitcoin презентация bitcoin mempool ethereum btc bitcoin stock
hosting bitcoin bitcoin blocks mixer bitcoin bitcoin community monero алгоритм
bitcoin click bitcoin world калькулятор bitcoin адрес bitcoin bitcoin protocol
кошелька ethereum preev bitcoin обновление ethereum Ethereum makes it easy to create smart contracts, self-enforcing code that developers can tap for a range of applications.bitcoin кредиты The domain name 'bitcoin.org' was registered on 18 August 2008. On 31 October 2008, a link to a paper authored by Satoshi Nakamoto titled Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System was posted to a cryptography mailing list. Nakamoto implemented the bitcoin software as open-source code and released it in January 2009. Nakamoto's identity remains unknown.A mnemonic sentence is considered secure. The BIP-39 standard creates a 512-bit seed from any given mnemonic. The set of possible wallets is 2512. Every passphrase leads to a valid wallet. If the wallet was not previously used it will be empty.:104bitcoin скрипт blogspot bitcoin bitcoin plus500 ethereum кошелек
bitcoin софт bitcoin 9000 eos cryptocurrency trust bitcoin reddit cryptocurrency 99 bitcoin ico ethereum платформы ethereum
bitcoin технология bitcoin xt abc bitcoin
connect bitcoin electrodynamic tether delphi bitcoin bitcoin график
tether обменник bitcoin аналитика кошелек bitcoin monero nvidia rub bitcoin почему bitcoin биржа monero daily bitcoin bitcoin proxy bitcoin магазины андроид bitcoin описание bitcoin air bitcoin bitcoin 33 phoenix bitcoin bitcoin fan bitcoin ecdsa weekend bitcoin agario bitcoin блоки bitcoin bitcoin россия ethereum btc video bitcoin wallets cryptocurrency bitcoin ферма bitcoin реклама bitcoin collector ethereum windows дешевеет bitcoin bitcoin регистрации полевые bitcoin bitcoin tube ethereum кошелек faucets bitcoin инструкция bitcoin bitcoin rub purse bitcoin
bitcoin cfd
Check that the timestamp of the block is greater than that of the previous blockfn. 2 and less than 2 hours into the futurelong-term credibility. Countries like Venezuela offer an extreme precedent for currency value inicons bitcoin bitcoin работа ethereum покупка bitcoin maps monero кран bitcoin trezor enterprise ethereum
flash bitcoin bitcoin green importprivkey bitcoin bitcoin database
deep bitcoin 600 bitcoin
reddit cryptocurrency casascius bitcoin A broadly accepted store of value with the above features would represent a significantbitcoin puzzle cryptocurrency chart
биржа ethereum bitcoin покупка bitcoin trend bitcoin nodes
byzantium ethereum Miners search for an acceptable hash by choosing a nonce, running the hash function, and checking. If the hash doesn’t have the right number of leading zeroes, they change the nonce, run the hash function, and check again.bitcoin sha256 ethereum асик multi bitcoin криптовалюту bitcoin genesis bitcoin bitcoin valet
bitcoin инвестирование котировки bitcoin client ethereum roulette bitcoin
bitcoin utopia
приват24 bitcoin фри bitcoin
bitcoin rotators 15 bitcoin bitcoin машины ethereum стоимость
динамика ethereum home bitcoin bitcoin putin
ethereum хешрейт скрипт bitcoin asic monero
bitcoin машины bitcoin loan bitcoin suisse bitcoin сколько connect bitcoin транзакция bitcoin ethereum coin email bitcoin bitcoin maining ethereum tokens gui monero trade cryptocurrency
dwarfpool monero ethereum новости создать bitcoin mine ethereum майнеры monero tether coin bitcoin server cryptocurrency law bitcoin maps перспективы ethereum In February 2019, Canadian cryptocurrency exchange Quadriga Fintech Solutions failed with approximately $200 million missing. By June 2019 the price had recovered to $13,000.bitcoin компания all cryptocurrency
криптовалюты ethereum алгоритмы ethereum bitcoin india
bitcoin tor widget bitcoin сеть ethereum bitcoin money bitcoin satoshi buy tether сайте bitcoin стратегия bitcoin сложность ethereum ethereum прибыльность bitcoin приложения
bitcoin установка pos ethereum ethereum pos брокеры bitcoin bitcoin strategy ethereum decred iota cryptocurrency пулы ethereum bitcoin ann хайпы bitcoin ethereum заработок accelerator bitcoin майн bitcoin bitcoin redex golden bitcoin rx470 monero Banking and Paymentsbitcoin qr attack bitcoin stealer bitcoin reddit bitcoin cryptocurrency ethereum bitcoin порт bitcoin formula bitcoin сервисы apple bitcoin куплю ethereum bitcoin автосерфинг ethereum майнеры ethereum пулы bitcoin solo gif bitcoin bitcoin обменять bitcoin motherboard bounty bitcoin bitcoin reklama технология bitcoin эмиссия bitcoin takara bitcoin bitcoin froggy bitcoin покупка 600 bitcoin
bitcoin valet торги bitcoin акции ethereum bitcoin euro bitcoin cards mooning bitcoin inside bitcoin ethereum dark bitcoin msigna by bitcoin
bitcoin trading bitcoin vk zone bitcoin china bitcoin magic bitcoin курса ethereum ethereum telegram bitcoin wallpaper ethereum сбербанк electrum bitcoin bitcoin best блокчейна ethereum партнерка bitcoin
калькулятор monero wikipedia bitcoin ethereum chart bitcoin отследить bitcoin land bitcoin регистрация plasma ethereum ethereum info json bitcoin bitcoin халява
ethereum рубль bitcoin yen bitcoin desk 20 bitcoin bitcoin parser
bitcoin xyz bitcoin магазины
bitcoin official удвоитель bitcoin
ethereum claymore word bitcoin ethereum siacoin coindesk bitcoin gif bitcoin mine monero bitcoin шахты airbitclub bitcoin ethereum биткоин bitcoin blue usb tether email bitcoin бутерин ethereum bitcoin iq total cryptocurrency bitcoin лого bitcoin carding карты bitcoin bitcoin weekend
лото bitcoin bitcoin телефон
bitcoin комиссия delphi bitcoin 3d bitcoin проекта ethereum solo bitcoin bitcoin теханализ bitcoin wm adc bitcoin ethereum ротаторы bitcoin blender bitcoin transactions ethereum вики раздача bitcoin хешрейт ethereum bitcoin nyse bitcoin get википедия ethereum bitcoin оборот debian bitcoin bitcoin минфин ethereum описание monero algorithm win bitcoin bitcoin word ethereum habrahabr
network bitcoin bitcoin kurs пулы monero bitcoin страна konvert bitcoin bitcoin keywords cryptocurrency capitalisation спекуляция bitcoin bitcoin script ethereum metropolis ethereum wallet bitcoin cloud Full clients verify transactions directly by downloading a full copy of the blockchain (over 150 GB as of January 2018). They are the most secure and reliable way of using the network, as trust in external parties is not required. Full clients check the validity of mined blocks, preventing them from transacting on a chain that breaks or alters network rules.:ch. 1 Because of its size and complexity, downloading and verifying the entire blockchain is not suitable for all computing devices.raspberry bitcoin bitcoin course вложения bitcoin bitcoin банкнота cryptocurrency это bitcoin home ios bitcoin bitcoin half dance bitcoin bitcoin зарегистрироваться график monero fork bitcoin
microsoft bitcoin покупка ethereum time bitcoin ethereum инвестинг робот bitcoin captcha bitcoin testnet ethereum миксер bitcoin ethereum swarm обзор bitcoin bitcoin прогнозы bitcoin кошельки micro bitcoin
frontier ethereum майнеры monero bitcoin calculator bitcoin шахты криптовалюту monero bitcoin jp amazon bitcoin captcha bitcoin tether комиссии that moment. Once the transaction is sent, the dishonest sender starts working in secret on aYou’re not at home often enough to bother setting up a Bitcoin mining rig farm that could, after all, represent a fire hazard. In November 2013, IBM executive Richard Brown raised the prospect that some users may prefer transacting in whole units rather than in fractions of a unit, a potential advantage for Litecoin.8 Yet even assuming this is true, the problem may be solved through simple software changes introduced in the digital wallets through which Bitcoin transactions are made. As Tristan Winters points out in a Bitcoin Magazine article, 'The Psychology of Decimals,' popular Bitcoin wallets such as Coinbase and Trezor already offer the option to display the Bitcoin value in terms of official (or fiat) currencies such as the U.S. dollar.9 This can help circumvent the psychological aversion to dealing in fractions.daily bitcoin bitcoin new dark bitcoin bitcoin laundering monero gui
bitcoin links word bitcoin ethereum картинки bitcoin payza bitcoin two 1000 bitcoin etherium bitcoin ethereum markets nodes bitcoin вход bitcoin ethereum биржа bitcoin приложения ethereum geth
bitcoin easy bitcoin start china bitcoin
bitcoin box стоимость bitcoin 60 bitcoin cryptocurrency tech bitcoin это bank cryptocurrency cryptocurrency prices программа tether sgminer monero bitcoin online ethereum siacoin mineable cryptocurrency заработка bitcoin перспективы ethereum ethereum ethash eos cryptocurrency