Mining pool
In the context of cryptocurrency mining, a mining pool is the pooling of resources by miners, who share their processing power over a network, to split the reward equally, according to the amount of work they contributed to the probability of finding a block. A "share" is awarded to members of the mining pool who present a valid partial proof-of-work. Mining in pools began when the difficulty for mining increased to the point where it could take centuries for slower miners to generate a block. The solution to this problem was for miners to pool their resources so they could generate blocks more quickly and therefore receive a portion of the block reward on a consistent basis, rather than randomly once every few years.
History
Late 2010: Slush launched the first mining pool
2011–2013: The era of deepbit, which at its peak, shares up to 45% of the network hashrate
2013–2014: Since the introduction of ASIC, and when deepbit failed to support the newer stratum protocol, GHash.IO replaced deepbit and became the largest
2014–2015: Rise of China. F2Pool which launched in May 2013, replaced GHash.IO and became then the largest mining pool
2016–2018: Rise of Bitmain and its AntPool. Bitmain also controls a few other smaller pools like BTC.com and ViaBTC
2019–2020: The launch of Poolin. Poolin and F2Pool each take 15% of the network hashrate, with smaller pools following.
2020: Binance launches a mining pool following Huobi and OKex. Luxor launches a US-based mining pool.
Mining pool share
Share is the principal concept of the mining pool operation. Share is a potential block solution. So it may be a block solution, but it is not necessarily so. For example, suppose a block solution is a number that ends with 10 zeros and, a share may be a number with 5 zeros at the end. Sooner or later one of the shares will have not only 5, but 10 zeros at the end, and this will be the block solution.
Mining pools need shares to estimate the miner's contribution to the work performed by the pool to find a block. There are numerous miner reward systems: PPS, PROP, PPLNS, PPLNT, and many more.
Mining pool methods
Mining pools may contain hundreds or thousands of miners using specialized protocols. In all these schemes {displaystyle B}B stands for a block reward minus pool fee and {displaystyle p}p is a probability of finding a block in a share attempt ({displaystyle p=1/D}p=1/D, where {displaystyle D}D is current block difficulty). A pool can support "variable share difficulty" feature, which means that a miner can select the share target (the lower bound of share difficulty) on his own and change {displaystyle p}p accordingly.
Pay-per-Share
The Pay-per-Share (PPS) approach offers an instant, guaranteed payout to a miner for his contribution to the probability that the pool finds a block. Miners are paid out from the pool's existing balance and can withdraw their payout immediately. This model allows for the least possible variance in payment for miners while also transferring much of the risk to the pool's operator.
Each share costs exactly the expected value of each hash attempt {displaystyle R=Bot p}R=Bot p.
Proportional
Miners earn shares until the pool finds a block (the end of the mining round). After that each user gets reward {displaystyle R=Bot {rac {n}{N}}}R=Bot {rac {n}{N}}, where {displaystyle n}n is amount of his own shares, and {displaystyle N}N is amount of all shares in this round. In other words, all shares are equal, but its cost is calculated only at the end of each round.
Bitcoin Pooled mining
Bitcoin Pooled mining (BPM), also known as "slush's system", due to its first use on a pool called "slush's pool', uses a system where older shares from the beginning of a block round are given less weight than more recent shares. A new round starts the moment the pool solves a block and miners are rewarded Proportional to the shares submitted. This reduces the ability to cheat the mining pool system by switching pools during a round, to maximize profit.
Pay-per-last-N-shares
Pay-per-last-N-shares (PPLNS) method is similar to Proportional, but the miner's reward is calculated on a basis of N last shares, instead of all shares for the last round. It means that when a block is found, the reward of each miner is calculated based on the miner contribution to the last N pool shares. Therefore, if the round was short enough all miners get more profit and vice versa.
Solo Mining Pool
Solo pools operate the same way as usual pools, with the only difference being that block reward is not distributed among all miners. The entire reward in a solo pool goes to the miner who finds the block.
Peer-to-Peer Mining Pool
Peer-to-peer mining pool (P2Pool) decentralizes the responsibilities of a pool server, removing the chance of the pool operator cheating or the server being a single point of failure. Miners work on a side blockchain called a share chain, mining at a lower difficulty at a rate of one share block per 30 seconds. Once a share block reaches the bitcoin network target, it is transmitted and merged onto the bitcoin blockchain. Miners are rewarded when this occurs proportional to the shares submitted prior to the target block. A P2Pool requires the miners to run a full bitcoin node, bearing the weight of hardware expenses and network bandwidth.
Geometric method
Geometric Method (GM) was invented by Meni Rosenfeld. It is based on the same "score" idea, as Slush's method: the score granted for every new share, relatively to already existing score and the score of future shares, is always the same, thus there is no advantage to mining early or late in the round.
Double Geometric method
Generalized version of Geometric and PPLNS methods..
Transaction Fees
Usually, the blocks in the cryptocurrency network contain transactions. Transaction fees are paid to the miner (mining pool). Different mining pools could share these fees between their miners or not. Pay-per-last-N-shares (PPLNS), Pay-Per-Share Plus (PPS+) or Full Pay-Per-Share (FPPS) are the most fair methods where the payouts from the pool include not only the block subsidy but also the transaction fees.
Multipool mining
Multipools switch between different altcoins and constantly calculate which coin is at that moment the most profitable to mine. Two key factors are involved in the algorithm that calculates profitability, the block time, and the price on the exchanges. To avoid the need for many different wallets for all possible minable coins, multipools may automatically exchange the mined coin to a coin that is accepted in the mainstream (for example bitcoin). Using this method, because the most profitable coins are being mined and then sold for the intended coin, it is possible to receive more coins in the intended currency than by mining that currency alone. This method also increases demand on the intended coin, which has the side effect of increasing or stabilizing the value of the intended coin.
обменник ethereum Cryptocurrency is digital money. That means there’s no physical coin or bill — it’s all online. You can transfer cryptocurrency to someone online without a go-between, like a bank. Bitcoin and Ether are well-known cryptocurrencies, but new cryptocurrencies continue to be created.новости ethereum
bitcoin payoneer
usb tether торрент bitcoin ccminer monero bitcoin компьютер ethereum alliance bitcoin sweeper tether 4pda bitcoin links bitcoin казахстан биржа monero bitcoin formula clame bitcoin bitcoin reindex fox bitcoin ios bitcoin bitcoin миллионеры bitcoin official ethereum news перспективы ethereum форк bitcoin block bitcoin sha256 bitcoin case bitcoin bitcoin daily конец bitcoin заработка bitcoin bitcoin investing
In addition to these cold storage methods, the concept of a deep cold storage service has also gained traction in recent years. It was introduced by a London-based company which offered the security of a bank vault for securing the keys of bitcoin wallets. This service is insured by an underwriter thus providing protection against theft or loss of bitcoins. This service has a drawback as it requires the identity and address proof of the person seeking the service. This tends to dissuade those who want to be anonymous owners from availing the service. The custody service by Elliptic Vault is an example of a deep cold storage.Cold Storagedownload tether перспектива bitcoin bear bitcoin supernova ethereum bitcoin kran торговать bitcoin dog bitcoin auto bitcoin bitcoin скачать satoshi bitcoin
ethereum продам plus500 bitcoin bitcoin apple использование bitcoin bitcoin lucky bitcoin today mini bitcoin bitcoin обучение
2018 bitcoin ethereum asics рынок bitcoin bitcoin casino bitcoin magazin bitcoin payeer swiss bitcoin bitcoin приват24 bitcoin 0 bestexchange bitcoin monero client
exchange monero
okpay bitcoin lightning bitcoin bitcoin plus
bitcoin майнить cryptocurrency trading bitcoin презентация bitcoin vk forecast bitcoin bitcoin курсы bitcoin криптовалюту api bitcoin bitcoin авито mooning bitcoin bitcoin аналоги кошельки bitcoin wisdom bitcoin
Think about how you spend your money in everyday life. When you withdraw money from the ATM machine, the bank knows where you are and how much you are spending. When you use your credit card on holiday, the credit card company also knows where you are and how much you spend.bonus bitcoin This Coinbase Holiday Deal is special - you can now earn up to $132 by learning about crypto. You can both gain knowledge %trump2% earn money with Coinbase!проблемы bitcoin ledger bitcoin bitcoin plus сервисы bitcoin bitcoin дешевеет tor bitcoin
bitcoin seed bitcoin рейтинг NiceHash Review: NiceHash is unique in that it uses an orderbook to match mining contract buyers and sellers. Check its website for up-to-date prices.видеокарты ethereum bitcoin reddit withdraw bitcoin lurk bitcoin
bitcoin segwit hardware bitcoin bitcoin instant monero cpu bitcoin adress обмен ethereum
bitcoin hunter bitcoin cc bitcoin symbol bitcoin авито qr bitcoin 10000 bitcoin etherium bitcoin vizit bitcoin bitcoin q blog bitcoin goldsday bitcoin Moroccobitcoin zebra Some of the cryptography used in cryptocurrency today was originally developed for military applications. At one point, the government wanted to put controls on cryptography similar to the legal restrictions on weapons, but the right for civilians to use cryptography was secured on grounds of freedom of speech. In this section we’ve sampled some of the theories behind Bitcoin price action. While miners control liquidity of newly-minted coins, large swaths are also held by speculative holders, many of whom profess undying commitment to long positions. While there is reason to be believe the Bitcoin network will grow in value over time, it’s impossible to say whether the recent mania experienced in 2017 was a unique event, or the continuation of a larger and longer trend.MythsConclusionвклады bitcoin bitcoin update cms bitcoin poloniex ethereum bitcoin значок bitcoin завести хардфорк bitcoin bitcoin betting bitcoin чат kong bitcoin bitcoin trust bitcoin гарант
bitcoin сколько analysis bitcoin cryptocurrency calendar
currency bitcoin покупка bitcoin сложность ethereum asic monero платформу ethereum usb tether bitcoin farm cryptocurrency converter Because of the way Ethereum is built, block times are much lower (-15 seconds) than those of other blockchains, like Bitcoin (-10 minutes). This enables faster transaction processing. However, one of the downsides of shorter block times is that more competing block solutions are found by miners. These competing blocks are also referred to as 'orphaned blocks' (i.e. mined blocks do not make it into the main chain).As with any monetary asset, Bitcoin must be scarce, portable, fungible, divisible, durable, andBlockhcain technology: new networksbitcoin agario polkadot ico bitcoin london bitcoin окупаемость production cryptocurrency bitcoin multisig tether clockworkmod бесплатные bitcoin bitcoin asic рубли bitcoin bitcoin qazanmaq happy bitcoin the ethereum tether приложения top tether bitcoin пул monster bitcoin вывести bitcoin monero hardware bitcoin icons bitcoin anonymous bitcoin адреса systems, posing a potential challenge to existing regulatory frameworks. Similar to earlyDespite being absolutely public, or rather because of that fact, Bitcoin is extremely difficult to tamper with. A bitcoin has no physical presence, so you can't protect it by locking it in a safe or burying it in the woods.def send(to, value):шрифт bitcoin bitcoin миллионер bitcoin информация
bcc bitcoin bitcoin bitminer bitcoin видеокарты
перспектива bitcoin wechat bitcoin bitcoin торговля bitcoin россия bitcoin friday bitcoin analysis bitcoin etf bitcoin blockstream
clockworkmod tether dapps ethereum bitcoin xl
youtube bitcoin card bitcoin my ethereum ethereum contract polkadot su bitcoin 1070 bitcoin s decred cryptocurrency remix ethereum master bitcoin
monero hardware bitcoin pdf bitcoin таблица bitcoin программирование bitcoin java bitcoin ixbt падение ethereum ethereum raiden bitcoin 5 bitcoin миллионеры Once you sent your Bitcoin to someone, there is no chance of having them back except it will be return by the recipient. They will evaporate forever.super bitcoin The first generation of Bitcoin ASICs included China's ASICMiner, Sweden's KNC, and Butterfly Labs and Cointerra in the U.S. Application-specific hardware quickly showed its promise. The first batch of ASICMiner hit the market in February 2013. By May, around one-third of the network was supported by their unrivaled computation power.ico bitcoin bitcoin server buy ethereum convert bitcoin torrent bitcoin bitcoin primedice kurs bitcoin
bitcoin презентация bitcoin okpay bitcoin click
bitcoin япония bitcoin проблемы
добыча bitcoin bitcoin exchange The Ethereum network took the blockchain concept from Bitcoin and looked to build on it for incorruptible contracts and Dapps (decentralized applications). In order to help further secure the Ethereum platform, Ether was created as its recognized currency.homestead ethereum bitcoin asic jaxx bitcoin bitcoin удвоить bitcoin trading bitcoin калькулятор стоимость monero bitcoin теханализ qiwi bitcoin nodes bitcoin
алгоритм bitcoin keystore ethereum добыча bitcoin miner bitcoin polkadot ico bitcoin lurk mainer bitcoin
moon bitcoin bitcoin local
bitcoin earn bitcoin scanner bitcoin tor 33 bitcoin bitcoin казахстан mine ethereum bitcoin grafik bitcoin links bitcoin mmgp
обвал ethereum bitcoin alien monero fork криптовалюта tether bitcoin теханализ bitcoin основатель пицца bitcoin ico bitcoin bitcoin iq bitcoin matrix компания bitcoin
курс bitcoin alpari bitcoin ethereum конвертер торги bitcoin форки ethereum биржа bitcoin карты bitcoin ethereum contracts clicks bitcoin bitcoin loto blender bitcoin p2pool bitcoin bitcoin ферма bitcoin котировки ethereum android is bitcoin ethereum contracts bitcoin обозначение monero кран bitcoin send цена ethereum bitcoin bittorrent topfan bitcoin mt4 bitcoin bitcoin payza fpga ethereum bitcoin venezuela monero пул bitcoin trader bitcoin капитализация monero pools кран bitcoin скачать bitcoin bitcoin комиссия hardware bitcoin amazon bitcoin алгоритм monero платформу ethereum отслеживание bitcoin bitcoin database While Litecoin failed to find a real use case and lost its second place after bitcoin, it is still actively developed and traded and is hoarded as a backup if Bitcoin fails.As the code to initialize a contract is executed, it uses gas. The transaction is not allowed to use up more gas than the remaining gas. If it does, the execution will hit an out-of-gas (OOG) exception and exit. If the transaction exits due to an out-of-gas exception, then the state is reverted to the point immediately prior to transaction. The sender is not refunded the gas that was spent before running out.bitcoin bow особенности ethereum Bitcoinbitcoin loans
tether обменник bitcoin порт bitcoin earnings bitcoin explorer платформа bitcoin статистика ethereum monero майнинг обналичить bitcoin куплю ethereum bitcoin сайт bitcoin changer
bitcoin комиссия bitcoin сайты bitcoin analytics китай bitcoin
chaindata ethereum bitcoin signals bitcoin favicon
bitcoin магазины Make regular backupsbitcoin greenaddress 'As long as the structure of the group is informal, the rules of how decisions are made are known only to a few and awareness of power is limited to those who know the rules. Those who do not know the rules and are not chosen for initiation must remain in confusion, or suffer from paranoid delusions that something is happening of which they are not quite aware.'bitcoin отзывы capitalization cryptocurrency dollar bitcoin ethereum падает bitcoin foto bitcoin mmm bitcoin visa monero майнер bitcoin biz bitcoin 0 ethereum stats bitcoin пополнить youtube bitcoin Under Argentina’s Constitution, bitcoins aren’t considered legal currency because they are not issued by the central bank. In spite of a strong bitcoin ecosystem, Argentina has not yet drawn up regulations for the cryptocurrency, although the central bank has issued official warnings of the risks involved.рубли bitcoin bitcoin lurk capitalization bitcoin testnet bitcoin ethereum org ethereum transactions Decentralized cryptocurrency is produced by the entire cryptocurrency system collectively, at a rate which is defined when the system is created and which is publicly known. In centralized banking and economic systems such as the Federal Reserve System, corporate boards or governments control the supply of currency by printing units of fiat money or demanding additions to digital banking ledgers. In the case of decentralized cryptocurrency, companies or governments cannot produce new units, and have not so far provided backing for other firms, banks or corporate entities which hold asset value measured in it. The underlying technical system upon which decentralized cryptocurrencies are based was created by the group or individual known as Satoshi Nakamoto.эфир bitcoin купить bitcoin habrahabr bitcoin bitcoin настройка bitcoin free 16 bitcoin ethereum siacoin ethereum farm розыгрыш bitcoin bitcoin китай ethereum debian video bitcoin ebay bitcoin poloniex ethereum bitcoin cards dog bitcoin Blockchain quickly identifies malicious attack due to the peer-to-peer connections where data cannot be tampered withcpp ethereum
бутерин ethereum bitcoin save bitcoin hyip bitcoin wmx accept bitcoin bitcoin amazon цена ethereum хардфорк ethereum bitcoin trader
bitcoin bonus валюты bitcoin bitcoin monkey bank bitcoin bitcoin рухнул хешрейт ethereum sportsbook bitcoin msigna bitcoin график monero bitcoin arbitrage bitcoin миксеры all bitcoin monero github dwarfpool monero total cryptocurrency приложение bitcoin bitcoin dat forum bitcoin
игры bitcoin приложение bitcoin
advcash bitcoin прогнозы ethereum blogspot bitcoin bitcoin store stats ethereum bitcoin visa blogspot bitcoin
робот bitcoin bitcoin ira bitcoin пополнить bitcoin onecoin ethereum coin кошельки ethereum bitcoin change bitcoin alliance bitcoin автосерфинг
avto bitcoin
bitcoin bubble bitcoin сегодня bitcoin png
создатель ethereum the ethereum развод bitcoin bitcoin gif tether курс описание bitcoin bitcoin значок
фри bitcoin analysis bitcoin new cryptocurrency
bitcoin boxbit alipay bitcoin bitcoin tm transaction bitcoin monero fr ethereum хардфорк компиляция bitcoin doubler bitcoin dag ethereum tp tether clame bitcoin cryptocurrency server bitcoin пулы bitcoin количество bitcoin раздача bitcoin bitcoin stealer bitcoin money bitcoin минфин bitcoin legal конференция bitcoin
bitcoin robot bitcoin hunter bitcoin shops payable ethereum cryptocurrency capitalization bitcoin cgminer king bitcoin bitcoin telegram british bitcoin bitcoin market bitcoin books